ADJUSTING TO A CHANGE OF SCENERY

 

When my wife and I decided to move, we were told to prepare for a few difficult months. Because we were traveling less than a mile, at our own pace, in excellent fall weather, we laughed off the warnings.

We were wrong. Leaving a three story 1875 home in East Washington for a top floor condominium in South Strabane Township was a challenge. It was physically exhausting and emotionally stressful; beyond anything we imagined.

Our extensive planning was never enough to anticipate all the unforeseen issues. The parting with cherished items was painful and often time- consuming. The tedious packing, loading our car, and unpacking made us cringe at another banker box.  Waking up in the middle of the night with yet another task for our checklist was a common occurrence. Moreover, the mental adjustment to a new, smaller living space, and the inconvenience of owning two homes still has us running in circles.

The move was designed to simplify our lives. We are both in our mid-70s with ailments that make step-climbing a painful adventure and outdoor maintenance an unpleasant chore. Single level condominium living, where the property was professionally maintained, seemed like the answer. However, all the work in getting there was as arduous as running a marathon with little training.

We have now learned that the two abutting Washington County communities of East Washington and South Strabane, are nothing alike. Our community of 22 years, the Borough of East Washington, is only 0.45 square miles. It is surrounded on three​ ​sides​ ​by​ ​the​ ​City​ ​of​ ​Washington​ ​and​ also ​borders​ ​South​ ​​Strabane​ ​Township​ ​to​ ​the​ ​north.​ Because of the many older, ornate homes, the East Washington Historic District is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.  Only 2000 people live in the borough. The community prides itself in its residential setting. The zoning regulations discourage commercial enterprises.

South Strabane offers a very different living environment. It encompasses 23 square miles with a population of 10,000. Due to its location astride Interstates 70 and 79, it has undergone rapid commercial and residential development. Modern retail centers and the Tanger Outlet Mall are within its borders. A Costco store is planned for the site of the former Washington Mall in South Strabane. A proposal to place an AI data center within the township on 1,500 acres owned by CNX Resources is being considered, despite objections from concerned residents.

South Strabane contains several high-rise buildings (including senior citizen facilities) and extensive commercial structures. It was encouraging when a friend and former South Strabane Supervisor forwarded a video of the new aerial fire truck practicing rescue techniques at the top floor of the unit we were about to purchase. The video helped convince my wife that she could rest easily, many stories above the ground.

After moving in, we were shocked by news reports that the new South Strabane board of supervisors planned to reopen the budget process and terminate the contract for the lifesaving aerial truck. We were prepared to voice our objections when we learned that further discussions apparently convinced the supervisors to retain this valuable piece of equipment.

However, the supervisors now plan to eliminate a public safety specialist from the payroll.  As reported in the Observer-Reporter at a recent budget meeting, “the South Strabane Fire Department Chief sharply criticized the decision.”

Tax rates and budgets are determined by local township supervisors. South Strabane has a larger tax base with many commercial contributors. Consequently, the tax rate (including a “fire tax” add-on to help pay for the new aerial truck and other funding to create and maintain a professional fire department) is much lower than East Washington. The total millage in the township for 2026 is 1.85 mills and, in the borough, 2.43 mills.

East Washington has significantly higher municipal taxes, but must still rely on the City of Washington for fire protection. South Strabane taxpayers pay lower municipal taxes for benefits that now include a full-time professional fire and public safety department to respond quickly to all emergencies.

It makes little sense for the current supervisors, in a thriving and growing community, with an expanding tax base, to reduce public safety funding that protects everyone. Residents of South Strabane should be alarmed by this misguided plan to reduce services.

We were not familiar with how condominiums are administered before moving into our unit. The condo owners elect a board of directors to make day-to-day management decisions, collect homeowners’ association fees and to help new owners like us get adjusted. These board members do an extraordinary job of keeping things running smoothly. Forty-two owners have many questions and issues. Getting information out to the owners on a timely basis is critical and time consuming.

The two indispensable individuals are the building manager and the maintenance man. Both know the inner workings of the structure and are familiar with many of the individual units. Checking with them and following their advice before making important decisions saved us time and money.

As I write this commentary, we are safely tucked away as a major snowstorm swirls around us. Two days before the storm, I looked out my office window to observe a bald eagle gilding by. While we miss our neighbors, we are beginning to become accustomed to the change in scenery. There is no confusing it with our former East Washington back yard.

IN CELEBRATION OF HUMANISM II

 

Several years ago, I penned a commentary designed to escape the troubling news of the day. The article imagined that similar to the numerous awards shows that honor actors, directors and other creative types, there should be a comparable “Hall of Fame” to honor humanists. These individuals typically exemplify the scientific method and human values. Sadly, with the Trump administration, the celebration of humanism becomes a protest, not an escape.

Our divided society pays too little attention to the uplifting contributions of humanists seeking to celebrate human worth. Throughout recorded history, humanists have explored the goodness of humanity and sought rational ways to solve human problems. Without the foundation provided by dedicated humanists, giving us enlightenment and hope, there would be no place for the talented individuals we honor in our yearly awards shows. What follows are the new nominees for my imagined Humanist Hall of Fame. 

All three of my nominees are deceased. They represent three different time periods – the Renaissance, Victorian England, and today.  Each, in their own way, utilized reason and evidence to understand the world and to value human dignity. Each urged us to take responsibility for our own actions.

Cornelius Agrippa

The life of Cornelius Agrippa,1486-1535, took place during the Renaissance, as Europe was experiencing a rebirth following the Middle Ages. He was born in Cologne, Germany but spent time in numerous European countries. He studied both medicine and law with no evidence of him receiving a degree in either.

Agrippa was known for his deep learning and advocacy of classical and ancient wisdom, often clashing with traditional religious leaders. While still living in Cologne, he took on the defense of a women accused of witchcraft and was soon forced by the Inquisition to leave his native city.

During his fifty years, Agrippa’s diverse career included being a secret agent, soldier, physician, orator, and law professor. On one occasion he became the personal physician to the Queen Mother at the court of King Francis I. After the queen dismissed him, he was soon banned for practicing medicine without a license. Later, he became historian to the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V.

Agrippa’s opinions were controversial, and he was often criticized by those in power. By seeking truth in classical sources outlawed by the church, he opened the gate for later philosophical thinking and scientific discovery.

Robert Louis Stevenson

The author, Robert Louis Stevenson is given credit for providing humanist influence in Victorian England. In his writing, Stevenson emphasized human experience and often critiqued Victorian hypocrisy. He rebelled against strict religious dogma and valued human ethics.

Stevenson’s work, The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, explored human duality. His literary and personal life reflected ideas of openness, tolerance, and profound care for others. One biographer/critic, Jeremy Treglown observed, “He always wanted to escape from the certitudes and complacencies, religious, moral, and social of his Edinburgh upbringing.”

It is not well known that during his life, Stevenson was considered one of the most accomplished essayists of his generation. In one essay that reminded me of the early life of Pittsburgh playwright, August Wilson, Stevenson wrote, “If a lad does not learn in the streets, it is because he has no faculty of learning.”

In another essay, Stevenson explains his progressive views on women, at odds with strict Victorian culture that placed them on a pedestal. “When you marry, you take into your life a creature of equal frailties, whose human heart beats no more tunefully than yours.” In other essays he admired strong women and attacked male superiority.

At the end of his life, Stevenson lived on the Polynesian island of Samoa. This gave him the opportunity to follow his earlier declaration that his mission as a writer was “to protect the oppressed and to defend the truth.” In his non-fiction book, A Footnote to History, Stevenson castigated the colonial powers for exploiting local native people and destroying their way of life.

Robert Dworkin

As an attorney, Robert Dworkin was my favorite philosopher of law. He placed human dignity at the center of his moral system. Dworkin was skilled in breaking down complex issues like race, abortion, euthanasia, and equality.

Dworkin studied law and philosophy at Harvard University and law at Oxford. His distinguished career was unfortunately ended by his death from leukemia in 2013. A dedicated progressive, Dworkin had the experience of teaching a joint course at Yale with conservative legal scholar, Robert Bork.

Dworkin believed that law should be viewed not as a series of isolated statutes and cases, but as a "single coherent scheme of principle." His basic moral principle was that respect for human dignity entails two requirements: 1) “self-respect.” taking the objective importance of your own life seriously, and 2) “authenticity,” accepting a personal responsibility for identifying what counts as success in your own life.

My favorite book by Dworkin is the ambitious Justice for Hedgehogs. It argues for a unified theory of value; connecting truth, morality, and justice.

Unfortunately, in Trump’s world, humanists are held in low regard and worse, often assailed. This has been the plight of humanists throughout history. Authoritarian and religious leaders have repeatedly sought to limit their influence. The humanist goals of reason, civic virtue, and truth seeking are the bane of despots. My Humanist Hall of Fame nominees, and others, give us examples to follow when the world turns dark.

 

THE LOOMING DEBT CRISIS

 

The Trump administration provides new issues daily for elected officials, policy experts, journalists, and economists to argue about. Under this constant barrage, the ever-present elephant in the room is the problem that gets ignored. Such is America’s case regarding the looming worldwide debt crisis.

Most wealthy nations are living beyond their means. Western Europe recognizes it has a problem, but is short on solutions. France is in a perpetual political crisis as it rotates through Prime Ministers unable to agree on increasing the retirement age to stop the bleeding. In Britain, the new Labor government has been forced to abandon promised help for the needy and instead must consider tax increases to plug the growing hole in the budget.

Italy faces a massive public debt (around €3 trillion or 150%+ of GDP) one of the highest debt-to-GDP ratios in the EU, making debt servicing costly, thus hindering productivity. The huge debts owed by the Greek government to the rest of the euro area cast a shadow over its financial future. Painful budget cuts, tax increases, high unemployment, and shrinking living standards/social services have offered little relief.    

In Japan, the debt crisis stems from decades of government borrowing to offset slow growth after its 1990s asset bubble burst. This led to a massive debt-to-GDP ratio (over 250%) and persistent deflation, forcing the Bank of Japan to keep rates low.

For the past several decades, one of the marvels of the world economy has been the ability of the United Staes to consistently borrow its way out of financial trouble. Under both Democrat and Republican administrations, the federal government has employed debt to fight wars, control global recessions (caused by the 2008 sub-prime mortgage crisis and the pandemic), and to increase domestic spending.

Net debt in America is now nearing 100% (on track to exceed 150%) of national income. The president and Congress continue to disregard this troubling development. Even creditors at home and abroad who should be alarmed are strangely quiet.

In the fall issue of Foreign Affairs, Kenneth Rogoff, Professor of Economics at Harvard University makes the case for a looming debt crisis.  His concerns and reasoning are explained in a comprehensive essay, America’s Coming Crash: Will Washington’s Debt Addiction Spark the Next Global Crisis?

Rogoff believes that America’s free lunch of continuous fresh borrowing is coming to an end. The past few years have cast doubt on the assumption that bond market investors will remain happy to digest “another large pile of dollar debt.” Long-term interest rates have risen. This means that the gross debt in our nation is now nearly $37 trillion, almost as large as all the other wealthy economies combined.

Rogoff concludes: “As of May 2025, all the major credit-rating agencies had downgraded U.S. debt, and there is a growing perception among banks and foreign governments that hold trillions of dollars in U.S. debt, that the country’s fiscal policy may be going off the rails. The increasing unlikelihood that the ultralow borrowing rates of the 2010s will come back anytime soon has made the situation all the more dangerous.”

Rogoff points out that despite Trump’s attacks on the Federal Reserve and his efforts to lower interest rates, his plans are constrained by the need to keep inflation in check. Moreover, the ‘Big Beautiful Bill,” by keeping taxes low for the wealthy, has increased the deficit.

No reasonable person can argue that the Trump administration alone is the cause of the looming debt crisis. The problem started decades ago. But Trump’s policies have been an accelerant. In his second term, he has embraced large deficits – an unsustainable six to seven percent of GNP for the rest of the decade.

Rogoff fears that to escape a debt crisis without “crushing austerity measures,” the administration might employ options normally associated with emerging markets. He points out that the so-called Mar-a Lago Accord, a strategy put forward by Stephen Miran, now head of Trump’s Council of Economic Advisors, suggested that the U.S. could “selectively default on its payments to the foreign central banks and treasuries that hold trillions of U.S. dollars.”

An easier third world option would be simply to print more dollars, and let inflation achieve a partial default by making creditor holdings less valuable. In normal times, the independence of the Federal Reserve would prevent this result to avoid inflation. These are not normal times.  If the nation finds itself in a financial crisis precipitated by the budget deficit, who knows what Trump will do?

Rogoff believes that Trump’s policies and those of previous administrations are “a huge wager on long odds.” Dependence on miraculous levels of growth and perpetual low interest rates cannot be guaranteed to support an out-of-control deficit. If the looming debt crisis explodes, forced austerity, high inflation, financial depression, and partial default would all be worse than a government-initiated response.

A Special Report in the October 18^th edition of the Economist, The Coming Debt Emergency offers some thoughts on how to avoid increasing public debt. Sweden adopted fiscal rules designed to ensure a budget surplus. It capped spending and eliminated open-ended appropriations. New Zealand, Switzerland, and even much larger Germany have enacted caps on deficits.

Our domestic solution would be a non-partisan agreement on a progressive plan of belt tightening and higher taxes to return debt to a manageable level. Every year’s delay makes it harder to achieve results.

 

 

 

 

 

BREAKING DOWN THE COSTCO PROJECT

 

When Washington County’s Commissioners announced in June that they were allocating $5.9 million from the county’s blight mitigation fund for the demolition of the Washington Mall, the first reaction of many was disbelief. Why would such a large amount of public funds be used to benefit a private developer, Chapman Properties, and the Costco corporation, one of the most successful retail operations in the country?

For the similar demolition of Century III Mall in Allegheny County no county funds were used. Instead, a more modest million-dollar award for demolition came from the state’s Redevelopment Assistance Capital Program (RACP) fund. One difference was that when work began at the Century III location, no developer or large retailer had expressed an interest in rebuilding at the site.

The more common route for county blight mitigation is the Pennsylvania Act 152 Blight Removal Program. Under this 2021 initiative, the focus is on demolishing hazardous structures, site development for developing projects, and multiphase planning efforts. The Act permits each county to create dedicated demolition funds by adding a small fee onto recorded deeds/mortgages. Typically, a county grant under the program cannot exceed $250,000.  Since its inception, 181 structures have been demolished across Pennsylvania at a cost of $5.2 million.

The road leading to the funding for the Washington Mall demolition is complicated and explains why all three commissioners enthusiastically supported the project. The bottom line is that no county general fund revenue, collected from local taxpayers, was used for the demolition to make way for Costco.  In addition, when the Costco store opens its doors, a proven generator of economic growth and future tax revenue will benefit the community.

The funding stream making the demolition possible begins with the pandemic. The American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (ARPA) was a $1.9 trillion economic stimulus Bill passed by Congress, and signed by then President Biden, without a single Republican vote. The funding included $7.9 billion for the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Of this amount, $4.95 billion was allocated for the largest cities and the 67 counties. The remainder was divided among Pennsylvania’s smaller municipalities.

Washington County was awarded the significant sum of $98.9 million in ARPA funding. The funds were used for a variety of projects. As I have discussed in a previous commentary, many were initiated without the approval of the minority commissioner, Larry Maggi, and with little transparency or community input.

Ironically, despite ongoing opposition to the ARPA for inflating the deficit, Republican elected officials have not returned any of their allotted assets. Instead, like Washington County, Republican efforts have focused on extending deadlines and reallocating funds to ensure that all the ARPA money was spent.

With the deadline for using the funds looming, all three commissioners agreed to launch the Washington County Blight Mitigation and Demolition Fund program utilizing the remaining $12 million of the County’s ARPA allotment. In March of 2025, they approved an agreement between the County, the Redevelopment Authority, and the Washington County Land Bank to create and administer the program.

The first project was a modest effort to demolish and remove the remnants of the collapsed structure on 15 North Main Street in the City of Washington. The County only allocated $85,000.

Within months, Washington County’s blight mitigation program was supersized into a project never contemplated by any local blight removal plan.  Half of the allotted $12 million in funds from the local blight mitigation and demolition fund were earmarked to benefit one developer seeking to bring a Costco store to Washington County.

On its face the use of federal ARPA funds, which morphed into blight mitigation funds, and were then used to snare a Costco for Washington County was an astute move. The economic benefits of supporting a Costco are many and long lasting. It is difficult to image a better use for the funds.

However, there are unresolved issues. Because of the unprecedented amount of public dollars used in a private project, the public deserves transparency and full disclosure of all written agreements and activities related to the project.

First, all correspondence, memorandums of understanding, and contracts between the County, developer, and Costco should be disclosed. Is Costco receiving tax-increment financing or other perks to further lower its project costs? Second, regular updates on the Costco build-out should be publicly posted.

 

THE VALUE OF LAND

 

During weekly chats with a friend, we discuss the usual topics including the Steelers, political developments, and the economy. My friend is sure an economic collapse is around the corner that will be worse than the Great Depression. Now that my wife and I have purchased a new home, he advises us to rent our current abode, get out of the stock market altogether, and to accumulate as much land as possible.

This position is easy for my friend to take. He lives on 130 acres of property with plentiful mineral rights. My wife and I are not going to trade in our retirement portfolios and become landlords to deal with tenants and broken appliances. However, my friend’s point is well taken. The value of land is underestimated and often misunderstood.

According to Zillow, the total value of the U.S. housing market is a record $55.1 trillion as of mid-2025, a nearly $20 trillion jump since early 2020. Nine major metro areas hold one-third of the total market value. While rural farmland is valued at $4,000-$5,500 an acre, with cropland higher than pastureland, prime urban real-estate can exceed $500,000.

Not all land is in private hands. Most people are unaware that the federal government remains a significant landowner, especially in the West. The government owns around 640 to 650 million acres, which is roughly one-quarter to one-third (28-29%) of the total U.S. land base.

The value of land has always been an important issue in the development of the United States. The Native American activist and scholar, Russell Means, once said, “Early American democracy was about land." This widely held view, known as the frontier theory, believes that westward expansion and available land were instrumental in bringing disagreements with the British to a head.

Prior to the Revolution, the British sought to limit colonial development west of the Alleghenies to keep peace with native Americans. This motivated Scots-Irish and German settlers seeking cheap, fertile soil away from the East Coast to become patriots.

Following the Revolution, this push west helped develop America’s brand of democracy by fostering citizenship and self-reliance. Unlike Europe, where the wealthy held most of the land, any settler and, later, poor immigrant could become a landowner.

Two recent books present very different viewpoints in addressing the value of land. The first, Land Power: Who Has It, Who Doesn’t, and How that determines the Fate of Societies, was written by Michael Albertus, political scientist at the University of Chicago. Albertus does not buy into the belief that the financial industry and technology will replace land as the world’s engine of social change. He makes the case that land has always been humanity’s greatest asset and will remain so.

Fundamentally, Albertus tells us, “Land confers identity and a sense of belonging. A connection to land provides people a sense of who they are in the world and the communities they belong to.”

However, Albertus has a more significant point to make on the importance of land. He wants to show how power has always been fused with land. He adopts the concept of “reshuffling” to show how political elites have seized land from some people and then granted it to others. Albertus’s sweeping study of land ownership covers centuries of case studies to illustrate his thesis of reshuffling land to gain power.

A few of his examples will illustrate the point. The French Revolution sanctioned the mass appropriation of land from the nobility to smaller farmers and to the urban middle-class. European colonization seized large swaths of foreign land, dispossessing those that already inhabited them. In the United States, Albertus documents the case of the Cahuilla Indians of California’s Coachella Valley. These native Americans were first confined to reservations and then evicted from those lands in the 1950s.

Albertus provides well-researched examples of collectivization land reforms that failed, causing famine, and less radical programs that increased equality. In the Stalinist Soviet Union and in Maoist China, the state sought to eliminate private landholding and to industrialize agricultural production, leading to economic disasters. In South America (Bolivia, Columbia, Mexico, Peru), more grassroots cooperative land reform brought substantive social change for impoverished rural citizens.

The second book, The Land Trap: A New History of the World’s Oldest Asset, by Mike Bird, Wall Street editor of the Economist, addresses the value of land from the financial angle. Tracing three centuries of history, Bird explores how land became the anchor of the global banking system, driving everything from soaring housing prices to increased international tensions. Bird explains the economics of our most basic asset.

Historically, land ownership created hereditary wealth that benefited the rich while deepening economic divisions in society. However, it is what Bird has to say about the connection between present-day global financial stability and land that is most interesting. Land drives the modern financial system, but also is responsible for its crashes. Mass home ownership made mortgages and home equity loans dominant sources of lending. Economies do well when land values rise and stall when they fall.

Following Japan’s 1980s land bubble burst, the economy tanked for decades. China’s recent real estate boom deflated into thousands of empty residential buildings and millions of unoccupied apartments. The U.S. subprime mortgage bubble caused the economic crash of 2008.

Bird concludes that modern finance remains rooted “in the dirt beneath our feet” – in land.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

WASHINGTON COUNTY’S FORGOTTEN BUSINESS PIONEER

 

Late last summer, former commissioner Bracken Burns knocked on our door in East Washington.  Burns was seeking information on the individual who had built the large ornate older homes in our neighborhood. Like most East Washington residents, we knew the age of our home but could not name the builder.

Despite my lack of knowledge on local architecture, Burns settled into a comfortable chair and began to tell us an incredible tale. A gentleman by the name of Major A.G. Happer returned to Washington County after the Civil War and proceeded to transform the area into a modern community. Among his projects, one of Happer’s businesses built many of East Washington’s finest homes.

Apart from a state historical marker in front of the Washington & Jefferson College Admissions building (the beautiful structure Happer built and lived in after the war), he has received little attention. To begin to correct this oversight, what follows is a summary of the local Civil War hero and business leader’s achievements.

Most of the information Burns related to me came from a book by Jim Douglas, a Pennsylvania Civil War historian and author. To research this commentary, I borrowed Burns’ copy of “Born to Serve: The Major A. G. Happer Story” (2015). I am only able to provide a short discussion on Happer’s family history and Civil War exploits. For those seeking more background, this book is an excellent source.

Andrew Gardner Happer was born on August 15, 1839 on the Washington County family farm in Union Township. In 1859, he enrolled in what was then Washington College. After Fort Sumter was attacked, Happer left school and enlisted in the First Pennsylvania Volunteer Cavalry.

Happer entered military service as a private soldier of low rank and left the Union army as a Major, a stunning accomplishment. He participated in the battles of First Bull Run, Dranesville, Thoroughfare Gap, Second Bull Run, Chantilly, South Mountain, Antietam (where he was first wounded, but remained in charge as senior officer), Fredericksburg, Burnside’s Advance, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Mine Run, and the first-and second-day battles of the Wilderness.

During his final encounter, Happer was severely wounded and left for dead on the battlefield. A kindhearted confederate soldier kept him alive and cleaned his wound until he was sent to an enemy field hospital. Soon after, he was transported to the notorious Libby Prison in Richmond, Virginia. Six months later, Happer was part of a prisoner exchange and began a slow, painful recuperation. The confederate mini-ball in his pelvis was never removed.

Following Lincoln’s assassination, the Governor of Pennsylvania chose now Major Happer as part of his delegation to accompany the coffin back to Illinois for burial, on the somber train called the “Lincoln Special”. Happer considered this duty the greatest honor of his life.

Happer’s initial employment after returning to Washington County was as Assessor of Internal Revenue. His time as a bureaucrat only lasted from 1866 until 1871. He then turned his attention to the business world for opportunities to modernize Washington and to help others.

Happer’s first venture was to open an insurance office at 55 South Main Street in Washington. The 1871 great Chicago fire convinced many customers that fire insurance was a necessary expense.  Happer’s business did exceptionally well. He soon married one of the most eligible young ladies in town, Matilda Morgan Watson, the daughter of a prominent attorney. Together they built the magnificent structure made of Cleveland stone on East Wheeling Street, now the W&J Admissions House.

Happer was interested in helping orphans and displaced children who were living in the floundering Western Pennsylvania House of Refuge. He convinced the Governor, John Hartranft, to support the building of a new facility, “Morganza,” on 503 acres of land owned by his wife’s family. The facility opened in 1876 with Happer serving as President of the Board of Managers until 1911.

Happer realized that a growing Washington required many modern upgrades to keep pace. Among the first was a stable source of capital to finance the new ventures. In 1885, he assembled some partners to form the Citizens Bank of Washington. The bank was successful, and by 1908, deposits exceeded $3 million. Happer was also a founding member and sat on the Board of the Union Trust Company.

Happer was instrumental in forming the Wheeling Oil Company and the first telephone exchange in 1884, the Citizen’s Water Company in 1885, and in developing the West End of Washington. In 1888, East Washington was subdivided by Happer’s real estate business. He then constructed many of the stately Victorian homes that grace our community.

Following the Civil War, Washington County had no hospital. Happer, along with three local physicians, petitioned the Commonwealth to obtain a charter. Happer joined with several other men and advanced their personal funds to purchase the Acheson homestead on what is now Acheson Avenue. This first hospital opened in May of 1898, and Happer was Board President for many years.

The Washington centennial celebration of 1910 was a grand affair. Happer at age 71 was still involved in many of the entities he had helped to create. Happer died in April, 1915, a modest man with no buildings or streets named in his honor. However, there is no doubt that Major Happer made significant contributions to Washington County, both as war hero and business leader.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

A DIVIDED AMERICA CELEBRATES A BIRTHDAY

 

July 4, 2026, will mark a major event in the nation’s history. It is the two-hundred-and-fiftieth anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of Independence and our landmark semi-quincentennial birthday.

In less divisive times, the focus of the event would be on the meaning of the American Revolution, how we have grown as a nation, and where we go from here. The U.S. Chamber of Commerce has attempted some positive spin by proclaiming, “2026 is a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to foster unity, celebrate our nation’s progress, and to identify our goals for the next 250 years.”

However, next year, there will be little unity, sparse agreement on the nation’s progress, and major arguments on future goals. Finding any common ground cannot happen in an environment where there are constant deployments of National Guard to American cities, masked ICE agents hauling immigrants off the streets, and American fighter jets blowing fishing boats out of the water. To add to the tension, there will be critical and contentious mid-term election campaigns occurring across the country.

Community civic organizations will make attempts to provide exhibits, parades, lectures, and picnics. Fireworks, hotdogs, and patriotic costumes will be on full display. But museums and educators across the country who receive federal funding, are confused and often terrified about what to present in explaining the Revolution and its 250-year aftermath.

This is because the Trump Administration holds the purse strings and wants to present its own MAGA version of our history, without debate. In the months before the event, the national institutions that would normally take the lead on planning for the nation’s birthday celebration have either come under attack or been dissolved. Trump has fired the Archivist of the United States and the Librarian of Congress. He has demanded that the Smithsonian Institute bow to his curatorial bidding.  The National Endowment for the Arts has been gutted. National Public Radio and the Corporation for Public Broadcasting have been defunded.

To replace these respected historians and institutions, Trump has signed an executive order establishing himself as chair of a White House “Taskforce 250.” The taskforce’s website touts a series of videos produced by Hillsdale College, a conservative Christian institution in Michigan. One of the videos seeks to compare Trump with Lincoln.

A few ventures have survived the Trump purge and successfully presented an unvarnished story of our improbable beginning and history. At the privately owned Philadelphia nonprofit, the Museum of the American Revolution, the exhibit “Declaration’s Journey” opened on October 18^th. To set the tone it features two borrowed artifacts. First is the Windsor chair in which Jefferson is believed to have written the Declaration of Independence. Second, a rusted metal prison bench, from which Martin Luther King wrote his “Letter from a Brimingham Jail.”

The six-part, twelve-hour Ken Burns PBS documentary, “The American Revolution” somehow escaped Trump’s authoritarian censors. In the opinion of Harvard historian Jill Lepore, “It restores truth and sanity to American history.” The Trump Administration has made it clear that it wants a clean and neat national origin story that praises its version of the good guys. “The American Revolution” documentary is not that story.

Lapore praises Burns for his ability to present “a political carrousel, a teeming moving, terrifying story, relating a chain of events forged in bravery and betrayal, of ferocity and torment, of ambition and terror, and yet a chain held together by a single organizing idea, of possibility.” In many respects, the Burns documentary is an act of defiance by PBS that pushes back against Trump’s white-washed version of history.

Amid our ongoing cultural divide, what important messages should come from the story fostered by the American Revolution? First, our nation is based on a written creed, not on a single ethnicity or religion. Citizens with ancestors who go back many generations are no more American than recent ones. Unlike European nations there is no “fatherland” to explain the formation of the state.

Second, now is the time to reflect and study the Founding Fathers and their legacy. Each of them has been the focus of outstanding biographies from reputable historians in recent years.

Overall, the Trump presidency would stun and anger the Founders who were reacting to the abuses of a monarch and his “accumulation of all powers in the same hands” (Federalist Paper No.47) They conceived of a decentralized and restrained executive, not an authoritarian Trump, supported by a weak Congress and ideologically driven Supreme Court.

Third, for those who believe in the central position of race in the national story, there is the New York Times “1619 Project.” This Pulitzer winning historical study argues that for 250 years, slavery has profoundly shaped every aspect of American society, from its founding principles and economy to its culture.

Lastly, if our semi-quincentennial birthday gives new meaning and momentum to the “No-Kings” movement against the president, much has been accomplished. What better way to breathe new life into our Declaration and its principles?

I only wish I could fit the following words, written by Thomas Paine, on a tee-shirt or protest sign. “Let them call me a rebel and welcome, I feel no concern from it. But I should suffer the misery of devils, were I to make a whore of my soul by searing allegiance to one whose character is that of a sottish, stupid, stubborn, worthless, brutish man.”